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The decarbonization ideals underlying the Green New Deal are not unattainable

Massive electrification will bring about a new American abundance.

The conversation about a Green New Deal is bold, timely and necessary. The most important component of the Green New Deal as drafted is its commitment to complete decarbonization. That is the destination, the moon for our moonshot. The question is: How do we get there? What we learn is it is at least twice as easy as we think.

Traditionally, the discussion of the energy economy has been about efficiency and domestic production, and not about decarbonization. This is an artifact of the oil crises of the 1970s and concern for U.S. energy independence. This old-fashioned approach translated essentially to more fuel efficient (but still petroleum) cars and better insulated (but still natural gas-heated) homes.

This approach can get us only a small fraction of the way to total decarbonization.

We need substitution technologies, ways of satisfying our energy needs with zero emissions, in addition to improving efficiency. Electricity generated from renewables (solar, wind, hydroelectricity, geothermal) and nuclear are the substitution technologies that meet the scale of the problem. The good news is that the path to total decarbonization using these technologies is clearer (and more compelling economically) than most people think.

Decarbonization is not an unattainable ideal; it follows directly from the best data available on U.S. energy usage.

In 2017, Otherlab, the company I founded and lead, was contracted by the Advanced Research Project Agency of the Department of Energy (ARPA-e) to review all available energy data sources and create an ultra-high resolution picture of the U.S. energy economy. The purpose was to identify research priorities and to model scenarios for new energy technologies and policies. This work leveraged many decades of effort by the U.S. Energy Information Agency (PDF) and Lawrence Livermore National Lab analyzing the U.S. energy economy and providing annual snapshots in a Sankey Flow Diagram format. The Otherlab "Super Sankey" tool is available at www.departmentof.energy  —  yes, we were cheeky in choosing that URL.

This work on mapping U.S. energy usage began in 1973, when Jack Bridges, working for the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (an intellectual precursor to the Department of Energy), used the Sankey format and improved upon it in a fabulous book, "Understanding the National Energy Dilemma (PDF)." The committee had been charged to "develop an energy display system which, in less than an hour, could give an extremely busy person an understanding of the size and the complexity of our national energy dilemma." That "busy person" was meant to represent the decision makers in Congress.


The interactive Sankey diagram we created for ARPA-e in 2018 represents all of the energy flows in the U.S. economy, from "primary energy" sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, hydropower, solar, geothermal and nuclear power, through their transformation into intermediate sources such as gasoline, diesel and other intermediate fossil fuels, or electricity, and then their use by various sectors of the economy.

The diagram also represents the energy that is used in those transformations, including the energy used in generation, lost in transmission or embodied in products and materials that use energy in their production. The width of a given flow identifies the size of a given energy use and thus points the way to the most impactful interventions to reduce energy use or enable decarbonization.

Energy use at the scale of the national economy is measured in quads. One quad is 1 quadrillion British Thermal Units (BTUs). Conveniently, the United States uses about 100 quads each year, meaning that one quad is roughly equal to 1 percent of the country's total national annual energy use.

What the Sankey diagram tells us

Armed with the best data that we have, and charged with decarbonizing the economy, what type of picture, or set of options, emerges? The answer is so unexpected and so important that it should be central to any discussion of the Green New Deal.

Most experts agree (PDF) that the most probable and realistic pathway to massive decarbonization is massive electrification. The mere act of electrification has a powerful effect on efficiency: electrifying the U.S. economy from carbon-free sources will reduce the amount of energy needed by more than half. How can that be so?

Decarbonizing electricity saves 25 percent of all national energy usage

First, the largest saving in a totally decarbonized economy (PDF) is the enormous amount of energy lost (and carbon dioxide produced) in generating electricity from fossil fuels.

Around 25 percent of our total energy need is eliminated because burning fossil fuels to create electricity is a very inefficient process that generates an enormous amount of waste heat. Of the 39 quads of primary energy going into the electricity sector, only about 12 are actually delivered to industry, our homes and our businesses. The rest disappears, quite literally, into the air as waste heat and carbon dioxide.

As we develop new primary sources of electricity, rather than converting fossil fuels to electricity, this waste is no longer needed.

Electrifying transportation saves 14 percent

The electrification of transportation is the next big energy win: 28 quads of primary energy goes into the transportation industry, which includes cars, trucks, airplanes, trains and boats.

The overwhelming majority of vehicles run on oil. If we electrify all cars and trucks, we will reduce by about two-thirds the amount of energy consumed in moving those vehicles. Car engines are even less efficient than power plants in converting fossil fuels into a useful activity. Typically they run at about 25 percent efficiency, with further losses in the drivetrain. Electric cars have gone mainstream, are dropping in cost and are expanding in performance, range and options. A Green New Deal will increase the speed and impact of this industry transformation.

That’s great news; of the 21 quads we require for road and highway transportation, we’ll only need about 7 in an electrified future, so the other 14 quads won’t need to be produced or generated.

Not needing to find, mine, refine and transport saves 6 percent

A huge amount of fossil fuel is used to discover, mine, process and transport fossil fuels. In a zero-carbon economy, we won’t need to expend that energy.

How much is that? Figure that 0.9 quads are used for pumping natural gas through 4.4 million miles of pipelines; more than 3 quads is used to turn oil into gasoline and other fuel products in refineries; almost 2 quads is used extracting oil and natural gas; 0.25 quads is used for mining equipment and 0.25 quads is using diesel to push the coal from mine to power plant. That’s a further 6 quads of the current energy economy that we won’t need.

Yes, we will have to build windmills, solar cells, batteries, nuclear plants and electrical vehicles to substitute, but the energy used in their construction and operation is likely a smaller percentage of the 21st-century energy economy. Solar panels produce the energy of their production in the first one to two years of their life and last for 20 to 25 years (PDF). Wind turbines pay back the energy of their production in the first six to nine months of a 20-plus year life.

Electrifying building and water heating saves at least 5 percent

Addressing how we heat water and air in our homes and offices is another huge opportunity for a new energy economy discount.

Today, we typically use fossil fuels for heating our homes and commercial buildings; for providing heat for cooking, hot water and clothes drying; and for providing heat to industry. (In this case, the great majority is from natural gas and the remainder either fuel oil or biofuels.) But for "low-temperature heat," meaning generally hotter than human skin but cooler than boiling water, we have an astounding and well-developed technology called heat pumps.

Heat pumps are sometimes described as air conditioners that run backward, which is sort of true, but for this conversation all we need to know is that they are commercially available with coefficients of performance (COPs) of greater than 3, which means that for every unit of heat, they only need one-third of a unit of electricity.

Electrifying residential and commercial heat using heat pumps takes that sector from 7.5 quads of our national energy use to about 2.5 quads, a 5 quad saving. Low-temperature heat used in industry uses 3 quads. Electrifying that component via heat pumps would give us a 2 quad discount.

LED lighting and industrial efficiency likely win 5 percent more

LED lighting, like electric cars, has matured greatly in quality, performance and availability. A wholesale commitment to LED lighting will save us another quad as lumen for lumen, LEDs use only one-fifth the energy of traditional lighting technologies.

More than 4 quads of our "energy flow" is primary fuels that wind up in "energy materials" such as the coal in steel, energy embodied in fertilizers, wood used for construction, oil in asphalt, and oil and natural gas used in plastics.

Some of these fuel uses don’t lead to emissions, and others will be replaced by innovative new industrial processes and biological sources of similar materials. There are yet more gains to be made in industrial efficiency.

The most important component of the Green New Deal as drafted is its commitment to complete decarbonization.
In short, without changing the size of our homes, or our cars or fundamentally changing the fabric of our lives, these discounts mean that a fully electrified energy economy using non-carbon fuel sources would require less than half the total amount of energy we use today.

People will point out that you can’t electrify everything. That is absolutely true; for example, a long-distance flight is very difficult to decarbonize, although it can be done with biofuels. America has an astounding biofuel resource that can be converted with known technology into natural gas, diesel and petroleum substitutes.

For those pieces of the economy not amenable to electrification, and for reasons of seasonal storage to deal with winter heat demands, we probably need to double the amount of energy generated from biofuels from 4.5 quads to about 9. This is a more-than-achievable number given the giant potential of U.S. biofuels.

Where will the electricity we need in this 21st-century infrastructure come from? Today 38 quads of primary fuels deliver only 12 quads of electricity. In tomorrow’s fully electrified economy, we’ll need 33 quads of electricity delivered.

There are multiple paths to making all that electricity cleanly

Is more than 30 quads of delivered electricity from renewables and nuclear a reasonable thing to anticipate?

A conservative analysis of U.S. roofs done by the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) (PDF)estimates that rooftop solar could deliver about 6 quads of electricity. An ambitious conversion of rooftops would produce closer to 10–12 quads, with the advantage that this energy will be generated where it is used, eliminating the cost of transmission. Thinking outside the box for a second  —  covering 10 percent of the parking space in America with solar would produce more than 6 quads.

America also has fabulous industrial-scale wind, biofuel, hydroelectric and solar resources — more than enough to satisfy 20 quads.

It is both feasible and reasonable to assume that the nuclear-powered electricity that currently produces 3 quads of our energy use from 100 plants could be tripled with next-generation nuclear to provide 10. Some countries will struggle to produce enough zero-carbon energy to satisfy their own needs; America, however, will have the opportunity to be a net energy exporter.

The details of the exact composition of the future grid is a detail that can be hammered out by policy, the market and the people; the good news is that the target is more than reasonable with known technologies that in many markets are already by far the cheapest form of electricity and which are only getting cheaper.

For example, rooftop solar in Australia produces electricity at around 7 cents/kilowatt-hour for the consumer, about half the cost of the average retail utility electricity delivered in the United States, which is 13.8c/kWh. With high certainty, we can say that in a decarbonized future, average U.S. families will pay much less for all of their energy bills than they do today.

People will also point out that it will take energy to create the new 21st-century decarbonized energy infrastructure. Solar panels, wind farms, electric cars and heat pumps don’t grow on trees.

LED lighting, warehouse
During the transition period, the energy required to build this next generation of infrastructure will be significant. But the return on investment will be enormous. Reducing the total energy used in our economy by 50 percent means that these new investments will be profitable. They will create new industries and will put millions of people to work.

We didn’t even mention some of the other advantages and wins that are possible.

Short and mid-distance electric flight is not only possible but will make those flights safer, quieter and use less energy. Insulating our homes and offices provides a smaller (traditional) efficiency win —  or discount. Lighter-weight and more aerodynamic cars and a Cambrian explosion of small electric vehicles mean that we might get further discounts still in transportation. Industry, particularly with new biotechnology providing alternative and better precursors for processing into myriad materials is another fabulous opportunity that the USA can be a leader in. Industrial automation and advanced manufacturing offer yet more opportunity.

This plan doesn’t address all sources of emissions. Important sources remain to be tamed, particularly the refrigerants used in air conditioning and refrigeration, and methane emissions from agriculture. There are technological solutions for these challenges too. I focused in this article just on the energy economy emissions for which I have done the most research.

There will be huge residual benefits in improved air quality, water quality and quality of life. The health benefits accrued to us all will lead to large savings on healthcare for the nation.

People will raise the specter of how we will pay for all of this. That is not the right way to think about it. Given the enormous cost savings from future efficiencies, the question should be "how do we finance this slam-dunk investment?" Reducing a major source of costs by 50 percent should be seen as the source of unassailable competitive advantage for our economy, an investment sure to repay itself many times over.

All of the energy technologies I have described above have high-capital costs but low operating costs. These are perfect opportunities for financing innovation. America invented the auto loan in the 1920s, and popularized the mortgage in the 1940s — these two inventions did more to shape the fabric of American society than any individual technology of the 20th century.

If America leads in the commercialization and manufacturing of these technologies it will provide for export opportunities that we haven’t seen since just after World War II.
Financing is like a time machine that allows you to have the future you want, today. If we could provide low-interest financing to this 21st-century infrastructure in an analogous way to the low-interest financing we offered to consumers to buy cars and homes, and to utilities in the 20th-century infrastructure build-out, this effort will be affordable to everyone and lock in lower and more predictable energy costs into the future. America can lead the world again in the banking and financing opportunity represented by the Green New Deal.

Technological progress for the first time provides us with the opportunity to cleanly and cleverly provide all citizens with lower-cost access to all of the energy services they enjoy today and more. It is likely that this program has as its side effect a new American abundance. It is almost certainly going to improve the health and wellbeing of all Americans. It is also going to provide a huge new source of well-paid jobs.

The installation for all of the electric heat pumps, solar roofs, electrical vehicles and other components of any massive electrification plan are largely physical, local jobs that cannot be off-shored. The appliance and automotive products that underpin this plan play to the strengths of American manufacturing. If America leads in the commercialization and manufacturing of these technologies it will provide for export opportunities that we haven’t seen since just after World War II when the rest of the world’s manufacturing infrastructure was decimated by war.

The Green New Deal is not naive in its ambitions or impossible in its scope. Quite the opposite, it represents the only viable pathway to American abundance and excellence since — the last New Deal.

The article originally appeared on Medium. Please reference that article for more details on some of the concepts introduced in this essay. Saul Griffith will be a featured speaker at VERGE 19, Oct. 22-24 in Oakland, California.

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