Throughout history, every continent has harbored dry landscapes that depend on limited rainfall and are vulnerable to desertification, the process through which vegetation and soil moisture is lost and dry lands become more like deserts.

Now, global climate change is making the situation worse.

The examples range across geographies: Spain already loses an estimated US$200 million per year due to desertification, and is expected to get even hotter and drier over the next 50 years. Across the sea in northern Africa, fragile dry environments are losing their productivity along with the capacity to support subsistence farmers and herders. Even the Amazon is at risk, with deforestation, drought, and rising temperatures creating conditions that could quickly turn the world’s largest rainforest into savanna or desert.

Most of the desertification hotspots are in relatively poor rural places, but the impacts are relevant to global companies because of the communities or sites where they operate and the reach of supply networks. Today, on the World Day to Combat Desertification, most of the emphasis will likely be on government intervention and NGO assistance, but there are clear opportunities for the private sector to play a role as well.

Businesses can invest in local social and environmental projects to halt or reserve desertification, engage with suppliers to reduce degradation, and create products that improve agricultural sustainability and enable restoration of damaged land.

Investing in Local Projects

In northern China, desertification is the root cause of the heavy spring sandstorms that plague Beijing and also spread to Korea, Japan, and even North America. In early 2010, Hong Kong blamed its worst-ever air pollution on northern sandstorms. The Chinese government has made fighting desertification a top priority, with plans to construct a “Green Great Wall” to hold back the desert. The private sector is chipping in as well: Hyundai is planting a 50-square-kilometer grassland reserve in Inner Mongolia as its first global environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR) project, and Toyota will plant 1,500 hectares of trees in Hebei Province, which supplies much of Beijing’s water.

ABB, a Swiss company that provides power and automation technology, has also taken steps to address desertification in northern China, which has a direct physical impact on ABB’s projects because high-voltage power lines in Inner Mongolia are affected by dune movement and encroaching desert. ABB is working with Inner Mongolia Power and the local power supply bureau to reforest hundreds of hectares and create a barrier to anchor nearby dunes. The company has turned this effort into an employee-engagement initiative.
 
Working with Suppliers

Supply chains, particularly for textile and apparel companies, may contribute to degradation if they include livestock products from arid or semi-arid regions, which are vulnerable to negative impacts from overgrazing. The production of low-cost cashmere in China has soared, along with the goat population, testing the carrying capacity of the grassland and increasing desertification. Retailers such as Marks and Spencer are including the environmental management of their cashmere suppliers as a factor in supplier evaluation.

Intensive cotton production with high levels of chemical input is another substantial cause of desertification, particularly in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Sustainable cotton sourcing has become a priority due to the use of child labor, but improving traceability also could enable companies to reduce their environmental impacts through strategic sourcing from areas that have lower risk of desertification.

Wood and timber products are also potentially linked to deforestation, another key cause of desertification, but efforts by the Forest Stewardship Council and others to certify sustainable forestry practices and chains of custody have created mechanisms for making sure that environmental impacts are minimized.

Creating Sustainable Products and Solutions

Other businesses see the challenges of vulnerable arid and semi-arid landscapes as a market opportunity. Monsanto, DuPont, BASF, Bayer, Syngenta, and Dow have invested heavily in research into drought-resistant seeds and technologies, such as water-retention gels for use in planting crops and trees, which could be helpful for re-vegetation of degraded areas.

Environmental degradation also can be addressed through careful decisions about the ways in which land is used. This is especially relevant as changing climatic conditions add another element of uncertainty into resource management. Ecosystems and resources should be viewed more holistically if companies want to really understand their environmental impacts and the steps required to use resources sustainably. This means understanding not only the component parts, but also the relationships between them and the emergent properties of an ecosystem -- the ways in which it is greater than the sum of its parts.

Groups, such as BSR’s Environmental Services, Tools & Markets working group, are taking steps in the right direction by trying to assess resources and landscapes in terms of the value of the services they provide. While environmental economists and ecologists are still wrestling with translating these services into quantitative terms, approaching environmental issues through this lens can be instructive for companies wanting to take a more comprehensive approach.

Taking ecosystem services into consideration for strategic planning and assessment of operations impacts should help businesses understand their risks and dependencies on ecosystem services. Ultimately, this will help them reduce environmental degradation by providing information about risk management, due diligence processes, and possibly stakeholder engagement.

Indeed, when viewed through an ecosystem services lens, the costs of desertification become even more significant. That’s because in the process of desertification, land loses not only its immediate economic value to humans when agriculture or grazing is no longer possible, but also the value created by soil stabilization, biodiversity, rain infiltration, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation.

Initiatives to fight desertification can have clear and immediate environmental benefits, but the expected impacts of climate change demand a more far-sighted and systemic approach to local and global land-use allocations. Shifting climate patterns will alter the ability of an ecosystem to provide certain services, and so must also change the calculus of land-use decisions.

For businesses with global reach, adaptation should include not only long-term projections of how a warming planet will change the availability of certain resources, but also a nuanced understanding of how the complex services provided by functioning ecosystems are influenced by and enable their own operations. Policymakers are beginning to think this way; businesses will have to as well.  

Laura Ediger is an environmental manager at BSR.

Image CC licensed by Flickr user Josh Sommers.